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Essential Bibliography and References:

Advisory Group on Citizenship (1998) Education for Citizenship and the Teaching of Democracy in Schools. London: Qualifications and Curriculum Authority.

Afonso. A. J. (1999) Educação Básica, Democracia e Cidadania: Dilemas e Perspectivas. Santa Maria da Feira: Edições Afrontamento.

Agar, M. (1994) ‘The intercultural frame’. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 18 (2), 221-37.

Akzin, B. (1964) State and Nation. London: Hutchinson University Library.

Alred, G., Byram, M. & Fleming, M. (2003) (eds.) Intercultural Experience and Education. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

Arthur, J.; Bohlin, K. E. (eds.) (2005) Citizenship and higher education: the role of universities in communities and society. London: RoutledgeFalmer. (Key Issues in Higher Education Series).

Banks, J. A. (2001) ‘Citizenship Education and Diversity: Implications for Teacher Education’. Journal of Teacher Education, Vol. 52, No. 1, 5-16.

Banks, J. A. (2004) (ed.) Diversity and Citizenship Education: Global Perspectives. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Belanger P. (1999) Education for Democratic Citizenship: Methods, Practice and Strategies. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing .

Bennett,D. (1998) (ed.) Multicultural States. Rethinking Difference and Identity. London: Routledge.

Bhabha, H. (1990) ‘The Third Space: Interview with Homi Bhabha’ In J. Rutherford (ed.) (pp. 207-221).

Bhabha, H. (1994) The Location of Culture. London: Routledge.

Brewer, J. D. (2000) Ethnography. Buckingham: Open University Press. (Understanding Social Research).

Brown, K. & Borwn, M. (2003) Reflections on Citizenship in a Multilingual World. London: CILT.

Brown, K.; Brown, M. (eds.) (2003) Reflections on citizenship in a multilingual world. London: Centre for Information on Language Teaching and Research. (Reflections on Practice) 

Byram, M. & Fleming, M. (1998) (ed.) Language Learning in Intercultural Perspective: Approaches Through Drama and Ethnography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Byram, M. & Morgan, C. (1994) Teaching-and-Learning Language-and-Culture. Clevendon: Multilingual Matters.

Byram, M. & Risager, K. (1999) Language Teachers, Politics and Cultures. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

Byram, M. & Zarate, G. (eds.) (1997) The Sociocultural and Intercultural Dimension of Language Learning and Teaching. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.

Byram, M. (1996) ‘Introduction: Education for European Citizenship’. Evaluation and Research in Education, 10: 2-3, 61-67.

Byram, M. (1997) Teaching and Assessing Intercultural Communicative Competence. Clevendon: Multilingual Matters.

Byram, M., Nichols, A. & Stevens, D. (2001) (eds.) Developing Intercultural Competence in Practice. Clevedon: Multicultural Matters.

Canagarajah, A. S. (1999). Resisting Linguistic Imperialism in English Teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Cardoso, C. (1998) (coord.) Gestão Intercultural do Currículo: 1º Ciclo. Lisboa: Secretariado Coordenador dos Programas de Educação Multicultural, Ministério da Educação.

Cardoso, C. (2001) (coord.) Gestão Intercultural do Currículo: 2º Ciclo. Lisboa: Secretariado Coordenador dos Programas de Educação Multicultural, Ministério da Educação.

Cardoso, C. (2001) (coord.) Gestão Intercultural do Currículo: 3º Ciclo. Lisboa: Secretariado Coordenador dos Programas de Educação Multicultural, Ministério da Educação.

Cardoso, C. M. (1996), Educação multicultural: percursos para práticas reflexivas. Lisboa: Texto Editora. (Educação Hoje)

Carvalho,C.; Sousa, F.; Pintassilgo, J. (org.) (2005) A educação para a cidadania: como dimensão transversal do currículo escolar. Porto: Porto Editora, 2005.

Conselho Nacional de Educação (2000) Educação Intercultural e Cidadania. Edição do Conselho Nacional de Educação, Ministério da Educação.

Council of Europe (1997) Language Learning for European Citizenship: Final Report (1989-96). Strasbourg: Council of Europe.

Council of Europe (1998) Project ‘Education for Democratic Citizenhip’: Basic Concepts and Core Competences of Education for Democratic Citizenship. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.

Council of Europe (1999) Declaration and Programme on Education for Democratic Citizenship, based on the Rights and Responsibilities of Citizens.Strasbourg: Committee of Ministers, 104 th Session.

Council of Europe (1999) Responsibility: From Principles to Practice. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing .

Council of Europe (2002) Education for Democratic Citizenship: Policies and Regulatory Frameworks. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.

Council of Europe (2004) Islamophobia and its consequences on young people: Seminar report, Ingrid Ramberg. Strasbourg: Council of Europe. (All Different All Equal)

Council of Europe (2004) Conference “The Religious Dimension of Intercultural Education, Oslo, 2004”. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing.

Creswell, J. W.(1998) Qualitative inquiry and research design: choosing amomg five traditions. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

Cuche, D. (2001) La notion de culture dans les sciences sociales. Paris : Éditions La Découverte. (Collection Repères, 205).

Cullingford, C. (2000) Prejudice: From Individual Identity to Nationalism in Young People. London: Kogan Page.

Dahlberg, K.; Drew, N.; Nystrom, M. (2002) Reflective lifeworld research. Lund: Studentlitteratur.

Delamont, S. (2002) Fieldwork in educational settings: methods, pitfalls and perspectives. (2nd ed.) London: Routledge.

Denscombe, M. (2003) The good research guide: for small-scale social research projects. (2nd ed.) Maindenhead: Open University Press.

Dezin, N. K.; Lioncoln, Y. S. (eds.) (2002) The Qualitative Inquiry Reader. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

Doyé, P. (1999) The Intercultural Dimension: Foreign Language Education in the Primary School. Berlin: Cornelsen Verlag.

Driel, B. (ed.) (2004) Confronting Islamophobia in Educational Practice. Trentham Books

Earley, P. C.; Ang, S. (2003) Cultural intelligence: individual interactions across cultures. Stanford: Stanford Business Books

Featherstone, M. (1995) Undoing Culture: Globalization, Postmodernism and Identity. London: Sage.

Featherstone, M., Lash, S. and Robertson, R. (eds.) (1995) Global Modernities.London: Sage.

Fennes, H. & Hapgood K. (1997) Intercultural Learning in the Classroom: Crossing Borders. London: Council of Europe.

Figueiredo, C. C. & Silva, A. S. (2000) A Educação para a Cidadania no Sistema Educativo Português (1974-1999)/Education for Citizenship in the Portuguese Education System (1974-1999). Lisboa: Ministério da Educação.

Figueroa, P. (2000) ‘Citizenship education for a plural society’ In A. Osler (ed.) (pp. 47-62).

Fine, M. & Weis, L. (2003) Silenced Voices and Extraordinary Conversations: Re-Imagining Schools. New York: Teachers College Press.

Fortune, T. W. (2001) Understanding immersion students' oral language use as a mediator of social interaction in the classroom. Ann Arbor: UMI, 2001.

Freire, P. (1998) Teachers as Cultural Workers. Boulder, Co.: Westview Press.

Freire, P. (2000) Política e educação. (4ª ed.) São Paulo : Cortez Editora (Questões da Nossa Época, 23)

Freire, P. (2002) Educação e mudança. (26ª ed.) Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra. (Coleção Educação e Comunicação, 1).

Freire, P. ; Faundez, Antonio (2002) Por uma pedagogia da pergunta. (5ª ed.) Rio de Janeiro : Paz e Terra. (Coleção

Educação e Comunicação, 15).

Gibaldi, J. (2003) MLA handbook for writers of research papers. .(6th ed.) New York: Modern Language Association of America.

Giddens, A. (2000) ‘Citizenship education in the global era’. In N. Pearce and J. Hallgarten (eds.) (pp. 19-25).

Giroux,H. (1992) Border Crossing: Cultural Workers and the Politics of Education. NY: Routledge.

Grupo Português de Acompanhamento do Projecto do Conselho da Europa “Educação para a Cidadania Democrática” (2001). Educação para a Cidadania Democrática: Relatório Final do Grupo Português de Acompanhamento. Mem Martins: Ministério da Educação.

Guilherme, M. (2001) ‘The critical study of a foreign culture and citizenship education’ Anglo-Saxonica 2, 14-15.

Guilherme, M. (2002) Critical Citizens for an Intercultural World: Foreign Language Education as Cultural Politics. Multilingual Matters.

Gundara, J. (2003) Intercultural Education: World on the Brink? London: Institute of Education, University of London.

Habermas, J. (1994) ‘Citizenship and national identity’ In B. van Steenberg(ed.) (pp. 20-35).

Hall, S. (1990) ‘Cultural identity and diaspora’. In J. Rutherford (ed.) (pp. 222-237).

Hall, S. (1992) ‘The question of cultural identity’. In S. Hall, D. Held and T. McGrew (eds.) Modernity and its Futures. Cambridge: Polity, Blackwell and the Open University Press (pp. 273-325).

Hall, S. (1996) ‘Introduction: who needs identity?’ In S. Hall & P du Gay (eds.) Questions of Cultural Identity. London: Sage.

Hall, S. (2000) ‘Multicultural citizens, monocultural citizenship? In N. Pearce and J. Hallgarten (eds.) (pp. 43-51).

Holliday, A. (2002) Doing writing qualitative research. London: Sage Publications.
Human Rights

Ichilov, O. (ed.) (1998) Citizenship and Citizenship Education in a Changing World. London: The Woburn Press.

Isin, E. F. & Wood, P. K. (1999) Citizenship and Identity. London: Sage.

Isin, E. F. (2002) Being political : genealogies of citizenship. Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press.

Kramsch, C. (1993) Context and Culture in Language Teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Kramsch, C. (1998) ‘The privilege of the intercultural speaker’. In M. Byram & M. Fleming (eds.) Language Learning in Intercultural Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kymlicka, W. & Norman, W. (2000) (ed.) Citizenship in Diverse Societies . Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Kymlicka, W. (1995) (ed.) The Rights of Minority Cultures. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Law, J. (2004) After method: mess in social science research. London: Routledge. (International Library of Sociology)

Lawton, D. et al (2000) (ed.) Education for Citizenship . London: Continuum.

Lázár, I. (2003) Incorporating Intercultural Communicative Competence in Language Teacher Education: Council of Europe Publishing.

Lockyer, A.; Crick, B.; Annette, J. (eds.) (2003) Education for democratic citizenship: issues of theory and practice. Aldershot: Ashgate

Marques, R. (2003) Valores éticos e cidadania na escola. Lisboa: Editorial Presença. (Ensinar e Aprender, 24)

May, S.(1999) (ed.) Critical Multiculturalism: Rethinking Multicultural and Antiracist Education. London: Falmer Press.

Merriam, S. B. (1998) Qualitative research and case study applications in education. Rev. and expand. ed . San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. (Jossey-Bass Education SeriesJossey-Bass Higher and Adult Education Series). - Ed. rev. de: Case study research in education, 1980.

Miller, D. (1995) ‘Citizenship and Pluralism’. Political Studies, 63, 432-450.

Ministério da Educação (1996) Inovação: Educação e Diversidade, Vol.9, nº 1 e 2. Lisboa: Instituto de Inovação Educacional.

Ministério da Educação (1999) Inovação: Direitos Humanos Educação para a Cidadania, Vol.12, nº 1. Lisboa: Instituto de Inovação Educacional.

Mouffe, C. (1992) (ed.) Dimensions of Radical Democracy: Pluralism, Citizenship, Community. London: Verso.

Mouffe, C. (1996) ‘Radical democracy or liberal democracy?’ In D. Trend (ed.) (pp. 19-26).

Nações Unidas (1999) Direitos Humanos e Serviço Social: Manual para Escolas e Profissionais de Serviço Social. Lisboa: Departamento Editorial do ISSScoop.

Osler, A. & Starkey, H. (1996) Teacher Education and Human Rights. London: David Fulton.

Osler, A. & Starkey, H. (2002) ‘Education for citizenship: Mainstreaming the fight against racism? European Journal of Education, 37: 2, 143-159.

Osler, A. & Vincent, K. (2002) Citizenship and the Challenge of Global Education. Stoke-on-Trent: Trentham Books.

Osler, A. (2000) (ed.) Citizenship and democracy in schools: Diversity, identity, equality. Stoke-on-Trent: Trentham Books.

Osler, A.; Starkey, H. (2005) Changing citizenship: democracy and inclusion in education. Maidenhead: Open University Press.

Osler, A.; Starkey, H. (2005) Citizenship and language learning: international perspectives. Stoke on Trent: Trebtham Books: British Council.

Patton, M. Q. (1990) Qualitative evaluation and research methods. 2nd ed . Newbury Park: Sage Publications - Ed. rev. de: Qualitative evaluation methods, 1980.

Pennycook, A. (1994) English as an International Language. London: Longman.

Phipps, A. & Guilherme, M. (2004) (ed.) Critical Pedagogy: Political Approaches to Language and Intercultural Communication. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

Pieterse, J. N. (1995) ‘Globalization as hybridization’. In M. Featherstone, S. Lash and R. Robertson (eds.) (pp.45-68).

Pinto, F. C. (2004) Cidadania, sistema educativo e cidade educadora. Lisboa: Instituto Piaget. (Horizontes Pedagógicos, 112) .

Plummer, K. (2003) Intimate citizenship: private decisions and public dialogues. Seattle: University of Washington Press. (Earl and Edna Stice Lecture-Book Series in Social Sciences).

Potter, J. (1999) Education for Life, Work and Citizenship. London: CSV, Education for Citizenship.

Preuss, U. K., Everson, M., Koening-Archibugi, M. and Lefebvre (2003) ‘Traditions of citizenship in the European Union’ Citizenship Studies, 7: 1, 3- 14.

Pureza, J. M. et al (2001) Educação para a Cidadania: Cursos Gerais e Cursos Tecnológicos 2. Lisboa: Departamento do Ensino Secundário, Ministério da Educação.

Robertson, R. (1995) ‘Glocalization: Time-space and homogeneity-heterogeneity. In M. Featherstone, S. Lash and R. Robertson (eds.) (pp.25-44).

Rutherford, J. (1990) Identity: Community, Culture, Difference. London: Lawrence and Wishart.
Santos , B. de S. (1995). Towards a New Common Sense Law, Science and Politics in the Paradigmatic Transition. New York: Routledge.

Santos , B. de S. (1999) ‘Towards a multicultural conception of human rights’. In M. Featherstone and S. Lash (eds.) Spaces of Culture: City, Nation, World. London: Sage.

Saville-Troike, M. (2003) The ethnography of communication: an introduction. (3rd ed.)Malden: Blackwell Publishing (Language in Society, 3).

Schissler, H.; Soysal, Y. N (eds.) (2005) The Nation Europe and the World: texbooks and curricula in transition. New York: Berghahn Books.

Scott, D. & Lawson, H. (2002) (ed.) Citizenship Education and the Curriculum. Westport: Ablex Publishing.

Shafir, G. (1998) (ed.) The Citizenship Debates. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Sigel, R. S & Hoskin, M. (1991) (ed.) Education for Democratic Citizenship: A Challenge for Multi-Ethnic Societies. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.

Silva, A. S. (1998) (coord.) Projecto Educação para a Cidadania Democrática. Lisboa: Ministério da Educação.

Silva, J. P. (2004) Direitos de Cidadania e Direito à Cidadania. Porto: Observatório da Imigração (ACIME).

Singelis, T. M. (1998) (ed.) Teaching About Culture, Ethnicity & Diversity: Exercises and Planned Activities. London: Sa ge.

Smith, A. D. (1979) Nationalism in the Twentieth Century. New York: New York University Press.

Soysal, Y. (1998) ‘Toward a postnational model of membership’. In G. Shafir (ed.) (pp. 189-217).

Starkey, H. (1991) (ed.) The Challenge of Human Rights Education. London: Cassell.

Starkey, H. (2000) ‘Citizenship education in France and Britain: Evolving theories and practices’ The Curriculum Journal, 11 (1), 39-54.

Taylor, S. (ed.) (2002) Ethnography Research: a reader. London: Sage Publications: Open University.

Teodoro, A. (2003) Globalização e educação : políticas educacionais e novos modos de governação. Porto : Edições Afrontamento (Histórias e Ideias, 14).The RoutledgeFalmer Reader in the Philosophy of Education

Tomasevski, K. (2003) Education Denied: Costs and Remedies. London: Zed Books.

Trend, D. (1996) (ed.) Radical Democracy: Identity, Citizenship and the State. London: Routledge.

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Van Steenberg (1995) (ed.) The Condition of Citizenship. London: Sage.
World Yearbook of Education 2005

Young, I. (1998) ‘Polity and group difference: A critique of the ideal of universal citizenship’. In G. Shafir (ed.) (pp. 263-90).

Zarate, G. et al (2003) Médiation Culturelle et Didactique des Langues. Strasbourg : Editions du Conseil de l’Europe.

Zylinska, J. (2005) The Ethics of Cultural Studies. London and New York: Continuum

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